Escalation Signaling in Ukraine and Its Implications for the Strategic Russia-US Relationship
... U.S. have designated hypersonic missiles and UAVs as pressing military threats. Russia’s ‘Fundamentals of State Policy on Nuclear Deterrence’ (2020) stipulates that adversary missile defence capabilities, hypersonic systems and strike-capable UAVs present threats requiring Russia to maintain its nuclear deterrent. Absent an explicit mentioning of escalation concepts in official doctrines, there is understanding within Russia that conflict escalation can be inflicted through the ‘ application of calibrated damage ’. ...